Modern Indian History Notes PDF

Hello Aspirants! Bharat ka itihas, khaas taur par Modern Indian History, har competitive exam ka ek mahatvapurna hissa hai. UPSC ho ya SSC, History ke sawal hamesha decide karte hain ki aap selection list mein honge ya nahi. Lekin aksar students confuse ho jate hain ki itne bade syllabus ko kaise cover karein.

Isi samasya ka samadhan lekar aaya hai NotesLover.com. Hum aapko de rahe hain exhaustive Modern History Notes PDF jo bilkul free hai. In notes mein humne Advent of Europeans se lekar Bharat ki azadi tak ke har pehlu ko detail mein cover kiya hai.

1. Advent and Expansion of Europeans

Modern History ki shuruat hoti hai 1498 se jab Vasco da Gama ne Bharat ke liye naya samudri marg khoja. Iske baad ek-ek karke kai European shaktiyan Bharat aayin.

A. Portuguese (The Pioneers)

Portuguese pehle Europeans the jo Bharat aaye aur sabse baad mein (1961) gaye.

• Francisco de Almeida: Inhone 'Blue Water Policy' shuru ki taaki Indian Ocean par Portuguese control bana rahe.
• Alfonso de Albuquerque: Inhe real founder mana jata hai kyunki inhone 1510 mein Goa ko capture kiya tha.
• Cartaz System: Yeh ek trade license system tha jo Portuguese ne forcefully lagu kiya tha.

B. Dutch, British, and French

Dutch ne 1605 mein Masulipatnam mein factory dali. English East India Company 1600 mein bani aur William Hawkins 1608 mein Jahangir ke darbar mein aaya. French sabse baad mein 1668 mein aaye aur Surat mein apni factory sthapit ki.

2. British Conquest of Bengal

Bengal us samay Bharat ka sabse prosperous prant tha. Angrezon ne do mahatvapurna yuddh jeetkar Bharat mein apne raj ki neev rakhi:

Battle of Buxar (1764): Isne Britishers ki takat ko asli pehchan di. Hector Munro ne Shuja-ud-daulah, Shah Alam II aur Mir Qasim ki joint army ko haraya. Iske baad 1765 mein Treaty of Allahabad hui.

3. Land Revenue Systems: The Economic Drain

Britishers ne Bharat se adhik se adhik revenue nikalne ke liye teen pramukh vyavasthayein shuru kin:

• Permanent Settlement (1793): Lord Cornwallis dwara shuru kiya gaya. Ismein Zamindaron ko zameen ka malik banaya gaya aur tax fixed kar diya gaya.
• Ryotwari System: Thomas Munro aur Alexander Reed ne shuru kiya. Ismein kisan (Ryot) ko seedha sarkar ko tax dena hota tha. Yeh Madras aur Bombay mein popular tha.
• Mahalwari System: Holt Mackenzie dwara shuru kiya gaya. Ismein poore gaon (Mahal) ko ek unit mana gaya.

4. The Revolt of 1857 (First War of Independence)

1857 ka vidroh British shasan ke khilaaf pehla bada sangharsh tha. Pramukh Kaaran: Doctrine of Lapse (Dalhousie), Economic shoshan, aur Greased Cartridges (Enfield Rifle).

Main Centers and Leaders:

• Delhi: Bahadur Shah Zafar & Bakht Khan
• Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mahal
• Jhansi: Rani Laxmibai
• Kanpur: Nana Saheb & Tantia Tope
• Bihar: Kunwar Singh

Vidroh ke baad Government of India Act 1858 aaya, jiske tahat Company ka rule khatam hua aur Crown (Queen) ka rule shuru hua. Bharat ke pehle Viceroy Lord Canning bane.

5. Social and Religious Reform Movements

Modern History sirf yuddh ki kahani nahi hai, yeh samajik badlav ka bhi daur tha.

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Inhone 1828 mein Brahmo Samaj banaya. 1829 mein Lord William Bentinck ki madad se Sati Pratha ko ban karwaya.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Inke prayason se 1856 mein Widow Remarriage Act pass hua.
• Jyotiba Phule: 1873 mein Satyashodhak Samaj banaya aur caste system ke khilaaf awaaz uthayi.