Economics Notes PDF: GST & Inflation

Economics ek aisa vishay hai jo na sirf competitive exams ke liye zaroori hai, balki hamari rozmarra ki zindagi ko bhi prabhavit karta hai. Chahe wo GST (Goods and Service Tax) jaisa bada tax sudhaar ho ya Inflation (Mudrasphiti) jo hamari jeb par asar dalti hai, inka gyan hona har aspirant ke liye anivarya hai.

Aaj is blog mein, hum NotesLover.com ki taraf se aapke liye laye hain Economics ke do sabse mahatvapurna topics par detailed notes. Aap in notes ko PDF format mein free download kar sakte hain.

1. Goods and Service Tax (GST) in India

GST Bharat ka sabse bada Indirect Tax sudhaar hai. Isne kayi purane taxes jaise VAT, Service Tax, aur Excise Duty ko khatam karke "One Nation, One Tax" ka sapna sach kiya hai.

GST Bill and Implementation

Bharat ke Samvidhan mein sanshodhan karne ke liye GST Bill ko pehle Lok Sabha aur Rajya Sabha mein parit kiya gaya.

• Rajya Sabha Passage: 3 August 2016
• Lok Sabha Passage: 8 August 2016

Ise 1 July 2017 se poore desh mein lagu kiya gaya. Yeh ek Value Added Tax (VAT) ka hi vistarit roop hai jo supply chain ke har stage par lagta hai.

Objectives (Uddeshya) of GST

GST ko lane ke piche sarkar ke kayi mukhya uddeshya the:

• Ek saman rashtriya bazaar (Common National Market) banana.
• Tax ke upar tax (Cascading Effect) ko khatam karna.
• Tax Administration ko saral aur transparent banana.
• Financial barriers ko hatakar rajyon ke beech vyapaar ko badhava dena.

2. GST Registration Process

GST ke antargat registration karana har us vyapari ke liye zaroori hai jiska turnover ek nishchit seema se upar hai.

• Existing Traders: Jo pehle se registered the, unhe automatically register kiya gaya aur unka registration 6 mahine ke liye valid tha.
• New Registration: Ab naya registration poori tarah se Online hota hai.
• State-wise: Ek vyapari ko har us rajya mein alag registration lena hota hai jahan wo vyapaar karta hai.

3. Inflation (Mudrasphiti) Explained

Sadharan shabdon mein, jab vastuon aur sevaon ki keematon mein lagatar vriddhi hoti hai aur mudra (money) ki kray shakti (purchasing power) kam ho jati hai, toh ise Inflation kehte hain.

Causes of Inflation (Kaaran)

Inflation mukhya roop se teen kaarnon se hota hai:

1. Demand-Pull (Maang Janya): Jab logon ke paas paisa zyada hota hai aur demand badh jati hai. Iske peeche 'Heenarth Prabandhan' (deficit financing) ya public expenditure mein vriddhi ho sakti hai.
2. Cost-Push (Laagat Janya): Jab kachche maal (raw material), majdoori, ya parivahan (transport) ki laagat badhne se keematein badhti hain.
3. Supply-Pull (Poorti Janya): Jab hoarding (jamakhori) ya utpadan mein kami ki wajah se supply kam ho jati hai.

4. Measures to Control Inflation

Sarkar aur RBI inflation ko control karne ke liye do tarah ki neetiyan apnate hain:

A. Monetary Policy (Maudrik Neeti) - RBI

• Bank Rate Mein Vriddhi: Jab bank rate badhta hai, toh loan mehange ho jate hain aur log kharch kam karte hain.
• CRR & SLR Increase: Inke badhne se commercial banks ke paas loan dene ke liye kam paisa bachta hai.
• Open Market Operations: RBI sarkari securities bechkar market se extra paisa (liquidity) sokh leta hai.

B. Fiscal Policy (Rajkoshiya Neeti) - Government

• Public spending (sarkari kharch) mein kami karna.
• Taxes (kararopan) mein badhotari karna taaki logon ke paas kharch karne layak paisa kam bache.

5. Types of Inflation and Phillips Curve

Inflation ki raftar (speed) ke aadhar par ise vibhajit kiya gaya hai:

• Creeping (Regti Hui): Jab keematein 1-3% वार्षिक badhti hain. Yeh vikas ke liye achhi mani jati hai.
• Walking (Chalti Hui): 3-4% varshik vriddhi.
• Galloping/Running (Bhagti Hui): Jab inflation 10% se zyada ho jaye.

The Phillips Curve

Phillips Curve inflation aur berozgari (unemployment) ke beech sambandh dikhata hai. Iske anusar, kam samay (short run) mein inflation jitna zyada hoga, berozgari utni hi kam hogi.